Terpenes: What They Are and How They Work

Understanding Terpenes: What They Are and How They Work

Terpenes (pronounced tur-peens) are organic, aromatic compounds found in a variety of plants, including cannabis. They are responsible for the unique flavors and scents of different strains, and they also play a crucial role in the potential therapeutic benefits of cannabis. In this article, we will explore what terpenes and terpenoids are, how they were discovered, how they work, the different types of terpenes found in cannabis, their effects, how to identify them in your weed, and whether they are good or bad for you.

What Are Terpenes and Terpenoids?

Terpenes are a large and diverse class of organic compounds composed of hydrocarbons, built explicitly from units of isoprene (C5H8). They are the primary constituents of essential oils produced by many plants and some insects. Terpenoids, often used interchangeably with terpenes, are chemically modified terpenes that contain additional functional groups, usually involving oxygen.
There are a staggering  number of tepenes here’s a present in cannabis, more than 150 different types.

How Were Terpenes Discovered?

The study of terpenes dates back to the 19th century. The term "terpene" was first coined by German chemist August Kekulé in 1866 to describe hydrocarbons with the empirical formula C10H16. This category included compounds such as camphene, which were previously known by a variety of names. Kekulé introduced the term "terpene" to unify these compounds under a single category, derived from "turpentine," a fluid obtained from pine trees containing several types of terpenes.

The exploration of terpenes gained significant attention due to their abundance in nature and their diverse biological roles. In 1939, Leopold Ružička was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on higher terpenes and the first chemical synthesis of male sex hormones, underscoring the importance of terpenes and terpenoids in both natural and synthetic chemistry.

What Do Terpenes Do?

In cannabis, terpenes are produced in the trichomes, the tiny, sticky resin glands that cover the plant's flowers and leaves. These compounds not only give cannabis strains their unique aromas and flavors but also play a significant role in the plant's defense mechanisms by repelling pests and attracting pollinators.

When inhaled or ingested, terpenes interact with receptors in the brain and body, influencing various physiological processes. They are believed to work synergistically with cannabinoids like THC and CBD to enhance or modify their effects, a phenomenon known as the "entourage effect." This concept suggests that the therapeutic benefits of cannabis are more potent when terpenes and cannabinoids are consumed together rather than in isolation.

Top Terpenes Found in Cannabis and Their Effects

Cannabis contains a wide range of terpenes, each contributing to its therapeutic effects. Below are the 15 most common terpenes found in cannabis, their unique properties, effects, and the strains they are most commonly found in:

Myrcene

Myrcene is the most common terpene found in cannabis, sometimes making up as much as 65% of a strain's total terpene profile. It is known for its earthy and musky aroma, which can also have hints of fruity or citrus flavors depending on the strain. Myrcene is especially prevalent in indica strains, contributing to their sedative and relaxing effects. This makes it a popular choice for people using cannabis to alleviate pain or help with sleep. Myrcene is also known for its anti-inflammatory properties and is frequently used as a supplement during cancer treatments. Some cannabis strains rich in myrcene include Mango Kush, Skunk XL, and White Widow. Try eating a mango about 45 minutes before consuming cannabis. It will enhance the effects of THC due to the high myrcene content in mangoes.

Limonene

Limonene is a secondary terpene found in smaller quantities compared to primary terpenes like myrcene. However, it remains one of the most prominent terpenes in cannabis, characterized by its citrusy aroma and flavor. As its name suggests, limonene is also found in lemons, oranges, limes, and grapefruits. This terpene is associated with several potential health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal, and antibacterial properties. Limonene has also been studied for its possible role in reducing tumor size. Additionally, it offers mental health benefits, such as reducing stress and promoting relaxation. Cannabis strains with "lemon" or "sour" in their names, such as Sour Diesel, Super Lemon Haze, Durban Poison, and Jack Herer, are typically rich in limonene.

Linalool

Linalool is a terpene known for its spicy and floral notes, which are responsible for the distinct smell of marijuana. It is also found in plants like lavender, mint, cinnamon, and coriander. Linalool has powerful relaxing properties, making it beneficial for patients suffering from arthritis, depression, seizures, insomnia, and cancer. Due to its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anxiolytic properties, linalool is particularly valued in medicinal cannabis. If you're looking for cannabis strains with high levels of linalool, consider strains with higher CBD content, such as Amnesia Haze, LA Confidential, and Pink Kush.

Caryophyllene

Caryophyllene is a terpene with a spicy and peppery aroma, commonly found in black pepper, cinnamon, cloves, and spices like oregano, basil, and rosemary. It is unique among terpenes because it can act like a cannabinoid, binding directly to the body's CB2 receptors, which are primarily located in the immune system. This makes caryophyllene a key component in reducing inflammation and pain, which is why it is often included in anti-inflammatory topicals and creams. It has also been shown to be helpful for arthritis and Crohn's disease and may help in treating alcoholism and alleviating depression-like symptoms associated with alcohol withdrawal. Strains that are high in caryophyllene include Girl Scout Cookies, Sour Diesel, and Super Silver Haze.

Alpha-Pinene and Beta-Pinene

Alpha-pinene and beta-pinene are two closely related terpenes that get their names from their pine-like aroma and flavor. These terpenes are not only found in cannabis but are also heavily concentrated in pine trees, rosemary, orange peels, basil, and parsley. Pinene has a range of benefits, including anti-inflammatory effects, bronchodilation (which helps open airways), and cognitive enhancement, making it helpful for treating respiratory diseases such as asthma and bronchitis. Strains containing pinene often have high THC levels; a few examples are Jack Herer, Blue Dream, and Dutch Treat.

Alpha-Bisabolol

Alpha-bisabolol, also known as levomenol or bisabolol, has a pleasant floral aroma and is found in cannabis, chamomile flowers, and Candeia trees. Initially popularized by the cosmetics industry, alpha-bisabolol has demonstrated numerous medicinal benefits. It is effective in treating bacterial infections and wounds and serves as an excellent antioxidant with anti-irritation and analgesic properties. One of the fascinating qualities of alpha-bisabolol is its ability to enhance the absorption of other compounds when applied topically. If you're interested in trying a strain high in alpha-bisabolol, consider Harle-Tsu, Pink Kush, or OG Shark.

Eucalyptol (Cineole)

Eucalyptol, also known as cineole, is the primary terpene of the eucalyptus tree. It is characterized by a refreshing, minty smell and is known to have a cooling effect on the body. While it is commonly found in strains with high THC, eucalyptol usually constitutes around 0.06% of a strain's complete terpene profile. Medically, eucalyptol is valued for its ability to relieve pain, slow the growth of bacteria and fungi, reduce inflammation, and promote relaxation. Early research suggests it may also enhance memory and cognitive energy, making it a promising candidate for Alzheimer's treatments. Eucalyptol-rich strains include Super Lemon Haze, Girl Scout Cookies, and Headband.

Trans-Nerolidol

Trans-nerolidol is a secondary terpene found primarily in flowers and is a natural component of essential oils derived from jasmine, lemongrass, and tea tree oil. It has a mixed aroma of rose, citrus, and apples with a hint of wood, contributing to its appeal in various industries, including fragrance, cosmetics, and medicine. Known for its antiparasitic, antioxidant, antifungal, anticancer, and antimicrobial properties, trans-nerolidol is highly valued for its potential health benefits. Strains like Sweet Skunk, Island Sweet Skunk, and Skywalker OG contain this terpene.

Humulene

Humulene is a terpene first discovered in hops and is also commonly found in ginseng, sage, cloves, black pepper, and cannabis. It has earthy and woody notes with a hint of spice and carries potential medical and therapeutic properties. Early research has shown that humulene is anti-proliferative, meaning it can prevent cancer cells from growing. It has also been demonstrated as an effective tool in suppressing appetite, making it a potential aid for weight loss. Additionally, like many other cannabis terpenes, humulene reduces inflammation, relieves pain, and fights bacterial infections. Some strains high in humulene include Sour Diesel, Girl Scout Cookies, Headband, and White Widow.

Delta-3-Carene

Delta-3-carene is a terpene present in plants like rosemary, basil, bell peppers, cedar, and pine. It has a sweet, earthy aroma with flavors reminiscent of pine and cedarwood, along with subtle hints of citrus and spice. When consumed, it can leave a refreshing and cooling sensation in the mouth. Delta-3-carene is suggested to help in healing broken bones, promoting bone growth, and improving cognitive function, making it a valuable terpene for patients with osteoporosis, arthritis, and fibromyalgia. Some strains high in delta-3-carene are Arjan's Ultra Haze, Bubba Kush, and Amnesia Haze.

Camphene

Camphene is a terpene with a sweet, earthy aroma and subtle hints of pine and musk, reminiscent of a forest walk on a crisp autumn day. The flavor of camphene is similar, with a slightly herbal and floral note that can leave your taste buds watering. It is often mistaken for myrcene due to their similar flavor profiles and is known for its potential health benefits. When mixed with vitamin C, camphene becomes a powerful antioxidant and is widely used in conventional medicine for skin issues like eczema and psoriasis. It also has the potential to lower cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood, reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Camphene is present in strains like Ghost OG, Strawberry Banana, and Mendocino Purp.

Borneol

Borneol terpenes are known for their refreshing, minty, herbal scents and flavors. This terpene is common in herbs like rosemary, mint, and camphor. It is also found in cannabis strains, with concentrations ranging from 0.01% to 0.5%. Borneol is an excellent natural insect repellent that can help prevent diseases often transmitted by ticks, fleas, and mosquitoes. It is also widely used in traditional Chinese medicine and acupuncture, with impressive potential for killing breast cancer cells. If you want to experience the effects of borneol, consider strains like Kali Mist, Hindu Kush, Golden Pineapple, or K13 Haze.

Terpineol

Terpineol is known for its delightful, sweet, floral scent with hints of lilac, apple blossom, and pine, reminiscent of a vibrant garden filled with blooming flowers. Similar to anise and mint, terpineol has sweet, piney flavors that leave a smooth sensation in the mouth. It is recognized for its relaxing and calming properties, often contributing to the "couch-lock" effect in cannabis. Terpineol also offers antidepressant and neuroprotective properties, potentially helping reduce anxiety and depression. Strains that contain high levels of terpineol include Jack Herer, White Widow, and OG Kush.

Valencene

Valencene is a terpene that provides a sweet, citrusy aroma with notes of oranges and grapefruits, instantly lifting your mood and evoking feelings of a tropical paradise. The flavor is zesty with slightly tangy notes that leave a pleasant sensation in the mouth. Valencene is rich in citrus, making it an effective bug repellent. It also has anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties and shows promise in treating cancer and skin-related conditions such as dermatitis and melanoma. Strains with high levels of valencene include Tangie, Agent Orange, and Pineapple Express.

Geraniol

Geraniol is a rare terpene in cannabis and is primarily found in strains with high levels of CBD. It has a sweet, floral scent with notes of rose grass, peaches, and lavender, and is commonly used in aromatic bath products and body lotions. Geraniol has significant medical properties, showing potential as a neuroprotectant and antioxidant. It may also improve cognitive function and memory by promoting the growth of new brain cells, making it a potential therapeutic agent for Parkinson's Disease. Some strains with high levels of geraniol include Afghani, Amnesia Haze, and Lavender.

How to Identify Terpenes in Your Weed

To fully experience the benefits of terpenes, it's essential to know which ones are present in your cannabis. Here's how to identify them:

1. Smell the Bud: Different terpenes have distinct aromas. Develop a keen sense of smell to detect the dominant terpenes.
2. Read Lab Results: Many dispensaries provide lab results that include terpene profiles, showing which terpenes are present and in what concentrations.
3. Check Strain Descriptions: Certain strains are known for specific terpenes. For example, Sour Diesel is rich in limonene, while Granddaddy Purple often contains high levels of linalool.
4. Ask Your Budtender: Knowledgeable budtenders can provide insights into terpene profiles and recommend strains based on desired effects.

Are Terpenes Good or Bad?

Terpenes are generally safe and beneficial, especially when present in the concentrations found in cannabis. However, their safety depends on their concentration and use. In diluted forms, terpenes are non-toxic, but in pure, concentrated forms, they can cause skin irritation or dizziness.

Do Terpenes Get You High?

Terpenes do not produce a "high" like THC, but they are psychoactive because they affect mood and brain function. For instance, linalool can promote relaxation, while limonene can uplift mood. The combination of terpenes with cannabinoids can modify the overall effects, enhancing or balancing out the high.

Conclusion: The Versatility and Potential of Terpenes

Terpenes are much more than just aromatic compounds—they are critical players in the therapeutic effects of cannabis. Understanding terpenes can help you make more informed choices when selecting strains that suit your desired effects, whether it's relaxation, pain relief, or a mood boost. As research continues, the potential health benefits of terpenes are becoming more apparent, revealing the intricate interplay between these compounds and the overall experience of cannabis.